What are the instruction startegies in psychology
Instructional Strategies And psychology: classroom is a world uncertainty prevails as a teacher is never sure which student will show up. School day may be full of interruptions and unforeseen events. To deal with these, teacher takes decisions and in this regard psychology helps the teacher especially in choosing the instructional strategy. These instructional functions are as: 1) Daily review and checking homework 2) presentation 3) Guided practice 4) Correctives and feedback 5) Independent practice (seat work) 6) wheekly and monthly review. Educational psychology is social science which tries to explain teaching learning process. It tries to solve the problems involved in scientific basis. Teaching strategies are used to accomplish goals ,i .e. desirable ends. Educational goals primarily deal with learning, memory and transfer of cognitive,social and moral behaviours .Due to increasing effectiveness, it is recommended that teacher should formulate objectives and goals within scientific problem solving. Framework and teaching strategies should be selected accordingly. Effective instruction is more than effective lectures .Carroll (1983) describes teaching in terms of management of time, resources, and activities to ensure student learning. The model proposed by Carroll has five elements: 1) Aptitude: Students general abilities to learn 2) Ability to understand instruction; it is students ,readiness to learn a particular lesson. This relates to abilities ,but also to the knowledge of pre - requisite skills or information needed to understand the lesson. 3) perseverance: the amount of time students is willing to spend on learning.perseverance is mostly product of student,s motivation. 4) Opportunity: the amount of time allowed for learning . Opportunity relates to the amount of time teachers spend on teaching a particular skill or concept. 5) Quality of instruction : the effectiveness with which a lesson is actually delivered .quality of instruction is high if students learn the material presented to them according to abilities and level of prior knowledge and skills. Carroll discussed these elements in terms of (1) time actually spent on learning and (2) time needed to learn, and established following relationship. Degree of Learning = f (time spent/ Time needed ). Carroll mixes two kinds of elements ; (1) those that are directly under the control of the teacher (2) those that are characteristics of student over which teacher has little control. Ability to understand instruction depends upon partly on the quality of the student and partly upon teacher. While opportunity (time) and quality of instruction are directly under the control of teacher or school. To deliver effective lesson is the heart of teachers crafts. Some aspects of lesson presentation are learned on jobs. But psychologists have studied the elements which contribute towards effective teaching . Effective teaching uses many methods and strategies. Teacher may use discovery ,direct instruction , discussion, cooperative learning or other strategies . There are times when the most effective and efficient way a teach students ,structures class time in such a way that already clearly defined objectives may be reached efficiently . This strategy is useful when we'll defined subject matter is to be mastered .But not very appropriate when deep conceptual change is objective or exploration discovery are objectives of instruction. A brief detail of the parts of direct instruction are as follows: 1. State learning objectives and orient student and lesson 2. Review pre - requisite. 3. Present new material 4. Conduct learning prob 5. Provide independent practice 6. Assess performance and provide feedback. 7. Provide distributed practice and review Another method of instruction is cooperative learning. This refers to instructional methods in which students work together in small groups. There are many different approaches in these methods . Most of the methods involve students in four member mixed ability groups, but some use dyads while some use varying size of group. An effective co -operative learning method is called student teams- achievement divisions (STAD) .According to Slavin (1994, p.288) STAD consists of a regular cycle of teaching , cooperative study in mixed ability groups and quizzes, with recognition or other rewards provided to teams whose members most exceed their own past records. Regular cycle of STAD activities are as follows:
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