Education in English and Science

  Instructional Strategies And psychology: classroom is a world uncertainty prevails as a teacher is never sure which student will show up. School day may be full of interruptions and unforeseen events. To deal with these, teacher takes decisions and in this regard psychology helps the teacher especially in choosing the instructional strategy. These instructional functions are as:  1) Daily review and checking homework 2) presentation 3) Guided practice 4) Correctives and feedback  5) Independent practice (seat work)   6) wheekly and monthly review.          Educational psychology is social science which tries to explain teaching learning process.   It tries to solve the problems involved in scientific basis. Teaching strategies are used to accomplish goals ,i .e. desirable ends. Educational goals primarily deal with learning, memory and transfer of cognitive,social and moral behaviours .Due to increasing effectiveness, it is recomm...

Unitary Method:  This is the method of carrying out a calculation to find the value of a number of items by first finding the cost of one of them. It is a technique in Mathematics to solve particular types of problems. Unit means one,in this method, we first find the value of one. To find the value of one ,. When we have the value of many ,we divid:    Steps: (i)Find the value of one unit.   (ii) Find the value of required units .                                     Example  No 1: 5 pencils cost Rs 15 .how much does 1 pencil cost?                                      Solution:.         Cost of 5 pencils= Rs 15                                       ...

  Acid ,base and Netralizations:.      Acid: the word acid is derived from latinacidus / acere which means sour. Acids are sour in taste .acids react with some metals to produce H2 ,acids carbonate salts releasing CO2 .  It is a substance which reacts with a base. Usually ,acids can be known as tasting sour reacting with bases like sodium carbonate and metals like calcium. Aqueous acids have Less than 7 pH,where an acid of lower pH is typically stronger ,and it turns blue litmus paper into red. Such substances or chemicals containing the property of an acid are called to be acidic.      Examples: I) Tartaric acid which is used in baking , ii) Sulphuric acid which is used in car batteries, III) Acetic acid present in vinegar.   These three examples illustrate that acids can be solutions, liquids ,or solids. In addition to it,gases like hydrogen chloride can be acids too.strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive ,but ther...

  Matter and it's Status : Anything that has mass and occupies some space is matter. All kind of objects are composed of matter. Matter is everywhere around us in any from. water, bricks, chairs, tables, books are all made up of matter .we can directly sense the matter. Matter is made up of atoms of elements .Around eighty years before ,scientists believed that Atom, was the smallest constituent of matter. That was the time ,when Atom was considered to be the building block or matter, Ernest Rutherford,s (1911) discovery revealed that an atom is made up of a positively charged central part called  nucleus, and negatively charged particles called electrons are revolving around it. In 1932 scientists discovered that the nucleus of an atom is made up of smaller particles called protons and neutrons. Moreover they discovered that there is positive charge on protons, negative charge on electrons while neutrons have no charge . The protons and neutrons are called nucleons as they ar...

     Motion of the Earth: the Earth is in constant motion,revolution of Earth around the sun and it's rotation around its own axis .these motion result a number of consequences like occurrence of days and nights, changes in seasons and climates in different areas and regions . Movement of the Earth around its axis and around the sun can be easily understood by mounting a globe and rotating it around its axis, and movement of the Earth around the sun can be illustrated easily.    1) Rotation: if you see at the figure 11,it looks somewhat tilted.The earth completes it's rotation in the time of one day .Rotation is also called spinning. The earth spins around its axis from west to East. Rotation of the earth cause days and nights. The rate of rotations is approximately 1,038 miles per hour, decreasing to zero at the poles. Tilting of Earth causes occurrence of different seasons.   2) Revolution: the motion of the Earth around the sun is called revolution ...

  Theories of Origin of Earth;    Before going to the theories let us understand what theory is ? A repeatedly tested or widely accepted statement is called theory. This statement is also used to make futher predictions about a natural phenomenon. There are different theories about how earth was formed and no one theory can tell exactly how earth came into being. Scientists believe that the earth was formed more than 4 billion years ago. They found this by studying the radioactive elements contained in the rocks.      1) Creation theory or Mythical Theory : Muslims believe that our Earth and the whole universe is made by Almighty Allah .Christians also believe that the earth was made by God on Seventh day . The Chinese believe that the earth was created by pan ku, a supernatural being. An important man Anaximander suggested that the earth began from a ball of fire that covered a cold mass. When the ball of fire burst into pieces,these pieces became the bodi...

    1. Identification of a problem: The first step of scientific method is identification of a problem .something is considered a problem.if it's solution is not obvious .some crucial information is missing .Solving the problem involves finding this missing information.A problem is something which has a solution . A problem can be in the from of a question.to find a solution of the problem it should be clearly stated in testable and measurble terms. Take the following example .in an area many people died of an unknown disease.on publics request government hired a team of scientists to look into the problem. All that was communicated to the scientists ,team was that an unknown disease has caused many deaths and the government needs to solve the problem.this was the first step of identification of the problem that there is a disease which has caused many deaths which needs to be controlled .To find the solution the team needed to state the problem in a manner that provides guide...